This State Spends an Unbelievable Amount on Inmates

The cost of incarceration in the United States places a significant financial burden on state governments and taxpayers. While incarceration rates are often discussed, the cost of housing an individual inmate can vary widely from state to state.

These expenses include staffing, healthcare, food, facility maintenance, and rehabilitation programs, all of which contribute to the overall cost per inmate. This article breaks down how much each state spends per incarcerated individual using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau, highlighting the differences in how prison systems are funded across the country.

• Spending per Prisoner: $33,000

During the 70s, a federal judge said the Alabama prison system was barbaric. The judge forced the prison system to close "dog houses" where too many prisoners were crammed in hot, dark, dirty cells. Eventually, Alabama also settled a lawsuit in 2015 over abuse at its women-only prison facility.

In 2016, the federal government opened an investigation into Alabama prisons and found that it provided insufficient mental health care, therapy, out-of-cell time, suicide prevention, and more. In 2019, the federal government said that Alabama prisons are unconstitutional and unsafe. But not much has changed as, in 2024, a lawsuit was filed against the state because several prisoners who died while incarcerated were missing many of their organs, possibly harvested by officials for sale or transplant.

• Spending per Prisoner: $93,000

Alaska is second only to New Mexico for the percentage of prisoners kept in private prison facilities, and at one point around 30% of those prisoners were kept in facilities outside of the state. Many of the prisoners in Alaska facilities are still awaiting trial and are made to remain locked up in the meantime. According to the Prison Policy Initiative, Alaska's rate of incarceration is 744 per 100,000 people — which means Alaska incarcerates "a higher percentage of its people than any independent democratic country on earth."

• Spending per Prisoner: $41,000

Arizona hosts prisoners imported from other states, including California, Hawaii, Alaska, and Vermont. There have been several deaths and violent events. Prison officials were caught forging inspection documents and avoided their duties. More recently, the Arizona prison system's healthcare facilities have been deemed a "complete failure" by judges, who state that Arizona refuses to comply with healthcare standards.

• Spending per Prisoner: $23,000

The Arkansas prison system was declared unconstitutional, unsafe, and unsanitary by the federal government in 2003. Arkansas was a strong supporter of the prison farm system, in which prisoners were forced to work illegally on prison farms without pay.

Rampant corruption and America's war on drugs have caused Arkansas' prison system to explode over the years. Yet Arkansas has the lowest cost per prisoner in the entire country, meaning even though it has a large prison population, the state barely covers the necessities for each prisoner.

• Spending per Prisoner: $128,000

In 2006, a federal court found that California's prison system failed to provide a level of care required by the Constitution. The state was ordered to reduce its prison population to, at most, 137.5% of its intended capacity — highlighting how overcrowded its jails are.

Like many other states, California's prison population grew exponentially during the war on drugs, when thousands of non-violent prisoners were sentenced to decades in prison for minor drug-related charges.

• Spending per Prisoner: $76,000

Colorado has 20 state prisons and seven private prisons and hosts prisoners from neighboring states. Colorado finally abolished its death penalty in 2020. While Colorado has seen sweeping prison reforms, a study from CU Boulder found that Colorado prisons fail to protect inmates from worsening climate-related issues.

• Spending per Prisoner: $103,000

Connecticut used to keep its prisoners in the tunnels of an abandoned copper mine. Conditions haven't improved much since then. Many critics argue that Connecticut keeps its inmates in inhumane conditions with a lack of healthcare available. Corruption and rampant drug use are also argued. The state maintains 18 prison facilities.

• Spending per Prisoner: $91,000

There are only around 5,000 prisoners in Delaware, each serving time in one of only four prisons. However, there are over 13,000 people kept in prison while on probation. There are no local jails in Delaware, so those being held before trial are also kept in state prisons.

• Spending per Prisoner: $42,000

The Florida prison system is the third largest in the entire country, with over 84,700 inmates and 200,000 people in supervision programs. It operates 33 prison work camps; six road prisons and forestry camps; and several other prison facilities.

Florida used to be one of the main supporters and proponents of convict leasing, a practice which involved turning prisoners into financial assets and loaning them out to work for corporations and individuals. The prisoners were unpaid, but the state was paid a fee. Long after slavery was declared illegal, Florida continued to profit from slave labor.

Florida has faced several lawsuits over its "malicious and sadistic" over-use of pepper spray on prisoners. It was also found to have too many prisoners, which were subjected to extreme sensory deprivation and isolation, while being denied rehabilitation services.

• Spending per Prisoner: $30,000

One of every 13 adults in Georgia is in prison. Like almost every other state on this list, Georgia has experienced significant prison riots and strikes over sanitary conditions, education resources, and prison healthcare. The Justice Department has recently declared that Georgia prisons have horrific and unsafe conditions, as well as rampant violence, leading to an uptick in homicides.

• Spending per Prisoner: $62,000

Most of Hawaii's male prisoners, about 1,900 inmates, are actually held in Arizona. Hawaii contracts private prison systems to help with its growing prison population, with most facilities on the mainland. Many prisoners, however, choose to remain in Hawaiian prisons because of the state's drug treatment programs and educational resources. However, recent news suggests widespread mental health crises and increased rates of suicides in the Hawaiian prison system which need to be solved.

• Spending per Prisoner: $42,000

The private contractor hired by Idaho has a long history of understaffing, violent interactions with inmates, fraud, and incorrect recordkeeping. Overall, Idaho has six full state prison facilities and a work center. Idaho is recently reviewing its execution process after an inmate failed to die during a lethal injection.

• Spending per Prisoner: $68,000

Illinois operates five prison work camps, a handful of life re-entry programs, a rehabilitation center, and 28 state prisons. Like most other states, juvenile prisoners are processed by a different department in different facilities than adults. There is no parole in Illinois. Some criticisms also include that Illinois is supplying prisoners with an unsafe water supply.

• Spending per Prisoner: $33,000

There are around 27,000 inmates in Indiana's prison system. Around 2,200 inmates are kept at the Indiana State Prison, which was founded way back in 1860. Indiana has 18 adult prison facilities. As with other states, medium and maximum-security prisoners provide free labor to the state of Indiana.

• Spending per Prisoner: $42,000

Iowa does not contract with any private prisons and operates nine prison facilities in the state. It should be noted that there is no official differentiation between the names and types of facilities in the United States. Whether a facility is called a correctional penitentiary, prison, or detention center, they are all the same. Violence in these facilities is sometimes widespread, with inmates most recently attacking officers.

• Spending per Prisoner: $49,000

There are eight adult prisons in Kansas, one juvenile facility, and three satellite facilities. Kansas profits from prison labor like many other states, producing park equipment, clothing, and office furniture. It pays prisoners a tiny amount of money for their time and undercuts the business of companies in the state. Kansas has suffered staff shortages for years and contracted private companies to help. They have moved hundreds of prisoners to Arizona.

One key issue within the Kansas penitentiary system is that inmates say their health is not taken care of. One woman recently came out and said that failure to intervene, health-wise, while she was incarcerated led to her kidney failure.

• Spending per Prisoner: $36,000

Kentucky has worked with a handful of private prisons. In 2013, it closed the Marion Adjustment Center, which was operated by the Corrections Corporation of America, now known as CoreCivic (None). This decision saved the state millions of dollars in expenses.

The Otter Creek Correctional Center was a private prison that was closed in 2012 after numerous allegations of sexual abuse of inmates by staff, medical malpractice, neglect, and poor security. Republican Governor Matt Bevin announced in 2019 that he would partner with CoreCivic to reopen the prison.

Finally, the Lee Adjustment Center was a private prison run by CoreCivic that suffered from overcrowding. It was closed in 2010, but Kentucky reopened the prison in 2018, allowing CoreCivic to run the facility again.

• Spending per Prisoner: $25,000

Even though the United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the entire world, Louisiana outpaces every other state in the country with 1,000 inmates per 100,000 state residents. This means it has a higher incarceration rate than every other country on the planet except El Salvador. Louisiana prisons are also severely overcrowded.

Louisiana limited the compensation that could be paid to prisoners who were wrongfully convicted. Those who were incarcerated wrongfully can only be paid $15,000 for each year they were in prison, up to a maximum of $250,000. This amount must be paid in 10 equal annual payments, which means that some released, innocent prisoners have died before they received their full compensation.

• Spending per Prisoner: $117,000

Maine has one of the smallest prison populations in the country, with around 2,200 prisoners and six adult detention facilities. The Maine State Prison is a maximum-security facility, named after the original 1824 structure. While Maine generally has better prison conditions than other states, some allege that hazing, harrassment, and inappropriate relationships between staff and inmates have been happening at the Maine State Prison.

• Spending per Prisoner: $114,000

Maryland prisons are probably most well-known for the gangs that control and operate within them. The Black Guerilla Family and the Dead Man Incorporated gangs had officers and organized groups in all of Maryland's prisons. They were very successful in orchestrating and coordinating their members, as well as smuggling contraband into many prisons. Many Maryland prisons are also understaffed, exacerbating issues.

• Spending per Prisoner: $307,000

Massachusetts has around 8,200 prisoners, and the state has a planned, designed occupancy of 101%. The suicide rate in Massachusetts prisons is one of the highest in the country. The United States Department of Justice says that Massachusetts has engaged in a pattern of resisting the rights of the Eighth Amendment and intentionally refusing to provide proper supervision and mental health services. The state places those with mental health risks in restrictive housing and willfully violates their constitutional rights. Still, Massachusetts spends the most per prisoner out of all U.S. states.

• Spending per Prisoner: $65,000

There are around 41,000 prisoners in Michigan in 31 adult prison facilities. The Michigan Department of Corrections also supervises and manage more than 71,000 parolees. Staffing shortages and overcrowding are two of the biggest issues facing the Michigan prison system today.

• Spending per Prisoner: $80,000

Minnesota does not currently contract with any private prison contractors or prisons. It only had one private prison, the Prairie Correction Facility, which was closed in 2010 due to its excessive distance from any hospitals and cities. Lawmakers proposed new legislation in 2023 that would ban the state from using privately owned facilities for housing prisoners. One of the problems currently plaguing Minnesota prisons is the sudden onset of synthetic drugs. In fact, this has completely changed the way Minnesota prisons now process mail for inmates.

• Spending per Prisoner: $24,000

During the war on drugs, Mississippi's incarcerated population skyrocketed. The southern state had one of the largest prison populations in the country, even as crime rates fell. The prison population more than doubled between 1995 and 2007. As in other states, a disproportionate number of African Americans and other minorities were incarcerated as a result of the misguided war on drugs.

Mississippi works with six private prisons, and numerous lawsuits filed against both the state and private prisons have forced them to reform incarceration policies, including discontinuing solitary isolation practices.

• Spending per Prisoner: $32,000

Missouri has faced numerous issues of harassment and other human rights abuses. From 2012 to 2016 alone, the state paid more than $7.5 million in court-ordered fines. There has been rampant sexual harassment, racial harassment, and a culture of intimidation and violence by employees against other prison employees and prisoners.

Aramark (None) provides the food in all of Missouri's prisons, as it does for many other states. However, several reports have shown that the quality of the food provided by the company has dropped dramatically, and that it frequently withholds items such as cleaning supplies, salt, and pepper.

• Spending per Prisoner: $64,000

Montana has five prison facilities and 11 community correction facilities. The Crossroad Correctional Facility is the only adult prison facility operated by a private contractor, Corrections Corporation of America. Montana lawmakers are currently exploring the prospect of adding over 500 new beds to the Montana State Prison in an effort to address what they call a surging number of inmates.

• Spending per Prisoner: $88,000

Nebraska has nine prison facilities with over 5,000 total incarcerated people. Youth correctional locations are now operated by the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services. Nebraska is one of only nine states in which all the prison facilities are accredited by the American Correctional Association, though the value of that accreditation is the subject of ongoing debate. The state's prison system is still rife with inmate deaths, overcrowding, and staffing shortages.

• Spending per Prisoner: $40,000

Nevada has seven major prisons, nine conservation prison camps, one prison boot camp, and two transition housing centers. Nevada opened a new execution chamber at the Ely State Prison in 2016. White supremacy is common in some prisons, with violent clashes leading to inmate deaths.

• Spending per Prisoner: $74,000

New Hampshire has around 2,700 prisoners in three prison facilities and over 15,000 people on parole or probation. The oldest prison in New Hampshire was opened in 1878. While New Hampshire doesn't spend as much on inmates as some other states, there are some reforms occurring in the New Hampshire prison system. The state has been working to adjust certain policies around parole, as well as provide more educational opportunities to incarcerated individuals.

• Spending per Prisoner: $133,000

New Jersey has nine prison facilities and many other locations with a combined capacity of 20,000 prisoners and a daily average of around 18,894 people who are currently incarcerated. New Jersey abolished the death penalty in 2007. However, certain prisons like the Northern State Prison have been cited for issues like drug use or flooding issues, putting the inmates in unsafe situations.

• Spending per Prisoner: $113,000

New Mexico has 11 prison or correctional facilities. The most violent prison riot in United States history happened at the New Mexico State Penitentiary in February of 1980. Thirty-three inmates died and 200 had serious injuries.

The riot was the result of overcrowding, insufficient prison resources, and problems that could have been easily resolved. In fact, experts agree that the riot was predictable and could have been prevented with adequate care.

Prisoners were kept in crowded and unsanitary cells. On the night of the riot, the prison had a capacity of only 963 people but had over 1,156 prisoners. Cockroaches and mice infested the food and prison area. It was one of the filthiest prisons in the entire country.

• Spending per Prisoner: $116,000

New York has 44 prisons and incarcerates over 32,000 people. Due to falling crime rates in the state, New York has closed 20 prisons between 2011 and 2022, with more planned closings in the future. New York state law does not allow the state to contract with private prison companies. Recently, U.S. District Judge Laura Taylor Swain held New York City's Department of Corrections in contempt for allowing continually unsafe conditions on Rikers Island.

• Spending per Prisoner: $63,000

North Carolina has 54 prison facilities and around 31,000 current prisoners. The state does not allow for private prison facilities and does not contract with any prison corporations. North Carolina was looked down upon for not relocating its inmates during Hurricane Helene.

• Spending per Prisoner: $84,000

North Dakota has only four adult prisons with just over a thousand prisoners. In 2015, state leaders, judges, and other prison officials took a trip to the Halden Prison in Norway, often called the most humane prison in the world, in an effort to understand how to reduce recidivism rates in North Dakota. The state has seen tremendous success ever since. While the state still struggles with overcrowding and capacity issues, it recently put $700,000 towards implementing new educational programs in prison.

• Spending per Prisoner: $44,000

Ohio is the sixth-largest prison system in the country with over 49,000 prisoners in 27 state prisons. In 2018 alone, Ohio spent $1.8 billion on its prison system. Despite this massive budget, a newspaper in Ohio reported that in 2019, the entire inspection office for the Department of Corrections had only one full-time employee and relied entirely on interns for all inspections. Staff shortages and violence are especially prevalent in the youth prison system.

• Spending per Prisoner: $32,000

Oklahoma has 23 prison facilities, but only eight of those facilities were originally built as prisons. The rest were adapted into prison buildings. Oklahoma managed to save 12 million dollars in 2019 by releasing over 400 inmates convicted of non-violent crimes. Right now, the Oklahoma prison system is at the top of conversation around immigration issues. Under Trump's new mass deportation plan, immigrants housed in Oklahoma prisons may be the first to be deported.

• Spending per Prisoner: $79,000

Oregon has 12 state prison facilities and announced in 2021 that it has a plan to close three minimum security prison facilities, which will save the state over $44 million every year. Oregon lawmakers have legalized the death penalty four times. Twice it has been voted down by Oregon's citizens, and another time it was abolished by the Oregon Supreme Court. Oregon does not contract private prisons and outlawed exporting prisoners in 2001.

Similar to some other states, Oregon is planning on changing the mail rules for prison inmates to avoid the inflow of drugs into facilities.

• Spending per Prisoner: $67,000

There are around 37,000 prisoners in Pennsylvania in 23 prison facilities. The state has contracted with 40 private contractors to provide transitional services for incarcerated people. This summer, Pennsylvania failed to adequately provide air conditioning for its inmates in one of our hottest summers ever.

• Spending per Prisoner: $117,000

There are seven prison facilities in Rhode Island that can hold a total of 2,854 prisoners. The cost per prisoner is relatively high in Rhode Island. Chronic overcrowding and staffing shortages have led to extended lockdowns for many inmates. Earlier this year, policymakers also called four inmate deaths in three months a cause for concern. Rhode Island lawmakers are looking into avenues for prison reform.

• Spending per Prisoner: $38,000

South Carolina has around 16,000 inmates in 21 prison facilities. Like its southern neighbors, South Carolina has an abysmally low cost per prisoner, and the quality of care for its prisoners reflects that. The ACLU is actually in a legal battle with the state over interview concerns, as incarcerated individuals are not able to give media interviews. As such, the ACLU argues, South Carolina purposefully silences inmate voices.

• Spending per Prisoner: $49,000

There are five prison facilities in South Dakota. Even though the state has a relatively low number of inmates, it still has a budget of around $100 million. Earlier this year, over 1,300 inmates were placed on indefinite lockdown in Sioux Falls, which the South Dakota Department of Corrections has largely refused to speak on.

• Spending per Prisoner: $39,000

Tennessee has over 20,000 incarcerated people across 14 prison facilities. Four of those facilities are private prisons operated by CoreCivic. Tennessee law, however, only allows the state to contract with one private prison. Lawmakers have maneuvered around this law by contracting with county governments, which deal directly with CoreCivic. Tennessee, like many other states, faces overcrowding — an issue as the state pursues harsher sentences for various crimes.

• Spending per Prisoner: $31,000

Texas has the largest prison system in the United States with a budget of over $3 billion. Texas prisons have a long history of human rights abuses and insufficient care. During the early 2000s, the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics found that five Texas prisons saw the highest rates of prison rapes in the nation.

Since 2007, 14 inmates have died because the temperature in Texas prisons is too high. Texas State Senator John Whitmire said, "The people of Texas don't want air-conditioned prisons."

In 2017, a federal judge found that Texas was making it impossible for Muslim prisoners to practice their faith and was actively hostile to the practice of Muslims.

• Spending per Prisoner: $73,000

There are around 18,000 prisoners in Utah between five prison facilities. Utah profits from prison labor by using inmates to produce furniture, embroidery, and signs. Utah still allows the death penalty, and in keeping with the deep racist roots of the state, the first few people to be executed in Utah (and its preceding entity, the State of Deseret) were all Native Americans, as part of the local policy of eradicating the Native Americans at the time. Utah has also been facing a rising drug issue in its prison system.

• Spending per Prisoner: $134,000

There are only around 1,300 prisoners in Vermont, between six prison facilities. Vermont also contracts with CoreCivic to send prisoners to prisons in Mississippi. Vermont does offer some avenues to support its inmates, such as Circles of Support and Accountability. Still, the system has an issue with violence.

• Spending per Prisoner: $61,000

There are around 23,000 prisoners in Virginia, which has an annual budget of over $1 billion and around 44 prison facilities. As with all other states on this list, there have been numerous lawsuits and reports of insufficient care and violation of constitutional and human rights at Virginia prisons. Virginia boasts the fourth-lowest recidivism rate in the country. Racism in the prison system also runs rampant.

• Spending per Prisoner: $108,000

Washington has 12 adult prison facilities with more than 12,000 prisoners. Washington contracts private corporations to house prisoners outside of Washington. The state replaced prisoner-prepared food with prepackaged contractor foods. Additionally, it contracts JPay, which charges prisoners and their families expensive fees for using video visiting software and sending emails. This practice is not unique to Washington.

• Spending per Prisoner: $82,000

West Virginia has the highest female incarceration rate — not just compared to other states, but also when compared to any country in the entire world, with 273 women out of every 100,000 in prison. All of the prison facilities in West Virginia are overcrowded, and reports as recent as 2017 showed the state was short 300 correctional officers. West Virginia has the second-lowest pay rate for corrections officers in the country, at around $12 per hour.

• Spending per Prisoner: $64,000

There are 19 adult prison facilities and 16 adult correction centers in Wisconsin, with a budget of more than $2.8 billion annually. Wisconsin has consistently used prison labor in times of natural disasters and labor shortages. Misconduct is frequently alleged, as is violence against inmates. University of Wisconsin-Madison Capstone students have also asked lawmakers to consider fixing severe heating issues in Wisconsin prisons. They argue that these heat conditions increase violence and other poor conditions.

• Spending per Prisoner: $75,000

Wyoming has five prison facilities. The Wyoming prison system has long been overcrowded and began exporting prisoners to facilities in Mississippi. Female prisoners are now held in all-male prisons due to lack of space. The Wyoming prison system is known for its poor healthcare. Its health provider was sued over 1,000 times — but the state just dropped the provider this year.